1. Ethnography began when social anthropologists began to study the cultures and lives of small, isolated tribes and their cultures. People like Bronislaw Malinowski and Margaret Mead are examples of social anthropologists that set the scene for ethnography today.
2. The researcher has to spend time in the field around the people ho they are studying, rather than just observing them from afar.
Routine and normal aspects of everyday life should be considered as research data.
The researcher should try to learn how the people being studied perceive their own world rather than just drawing from the researcher's own observations.
There is an emphasis on interlinkages between various features of the culture rather than just isolating facets from the wider context that it exists in.
It is understood that the researcher conclusion isn't a direct reproduction of what they observed, but rather a construction, meaning their own experience within that research is recognised in their conclusions.
3. It tends to emphasise contrasts between different groups and their views and lifestyles. It aims to 'grasp the native's point of view' and therefore it shows the differences and similarities between different cultures, while it also tries to help people who aren't from that group to emphasise with others who they might know little about.
4. It aims to make comparisons between different cultures, illuminating aspects as well as to explain other cultures.
5. It doesn't restrict itself to tribes in different lands, rather, most ethnography is focused on lifestyles, understandings and beliefs within our own society.
6. The mundane everyday life.
7. Small groups that were minorities or 'deviant' groups; such as hobos, alcoholics, drug users, religious sects and street gangs.
8. They were interesting and exotic.
9. At first ethnography was a way for people who had an interest in obscure groups and their obscure ways to look into their way of life, such as in Margaret Mead's book. Therefore he is making the point that, at first, ethnography was mainly studying and focused on groups that were not the 'norm' to western society, for the pleasure of those in the western society.
10. Deviant groups; hobos, alcoholics, drug users, religious sects and street gangs.
11. There remains an interest in the exotic and special this is because people tend to be more interested in seeing things that differ from their own lives. They want to compare and differentiate between their lives and that of the groups being researched.
12. In recent times it has become more mainstream, now there are studies being done in classrooms and focusing on things like 'life on the building site'.
13. The internet.
14. Virtual ethnography or netnography.
15. The in-depth studies of communities, individuals or social groups.
16. To portray the lives of specific people, mapping how their experiences change over time, then linking this to the cultural, social or historical context in which they occur.
17. It began in the 1920's to 1940's by conducting studies of individuals, groups and communities. More recently it has been associated with the feminist research and study of individuals relating to occupations and health.
18. It can focus on a persons life beginning to end, but also just the substantial parts or chosen parts of someones life.
19. It provides a 'thick' or incredibly detailed description of the life of the person. It also considers the individual's understanding of things as crucial to the life history.
20. They treat the core of the research as an attempt to provide an insiders view of life in relation to a particular culture or a particular time in history.
21. Their question could be "How does someone living at that time in that culture really understand things?" and their aim would be to produce an account that enables people to see through the eyes of the individual's studied.
22. Their main aim would be to reveal new things about the cultural, social or historical circumstances of the time in order to gain further understanding.
23. They are more inclined to treat the life history as something to be interpreted in terms of the wider social structure. The problem with this is that the person's life tends to be recounted in the way it is seen and their is sometimes a need to bring in alternative sources which might challenge the person's view of their own life.
24. I think that if you wanted your study to be unbiased, then you should include other people's views on the person for their life history. However, if you just want an in depth account of a person's life purely through their own perspective - true to how ethnography attempts to be - then you don't need anyone else's opinions.
25. In depth interviews as well as public archive material, private archive material, diaries, letters and other forms of documentary data.
26. Secondary source material would be public archive material, private archive material, diaries, letters and other forms of documentary data.
27. It takes a long period of time to form and cannot be completed quickly.
28. Selective sampling is finding the right person who knows enough to be a "treasure trove' of relevant information. This is important because the researchers have to go through a large group of people in order to find the ones that are right for the study in their mind as they are the ones that can make the most compelling story.
29. The depth and detail of the description, the accuracy of what it portrays and the insights it offers to readers about the situation being studied.
30. It is a study that is a 'stand alone' kind of study in the sense that it presents a detailed picture of events or cultures without the need to worry about what the broader implications of that may be.
31. Idiographic research is flawed in that it offers no further insight to how those studied affect the wider community. Nomothetic research is more based around the idea that there is much more to those studied than just a collection of data and it is more important to see how the study is relevant to the wider society.
32. It affects their perception of the culture or events that they wish to describe.
33. I agree because although they aim to show those studied in the most honest way possible, they would be shaped by their own experiences and culture themselves, so they would inevitably put that into some of their work too, making it a sort of interpretation of sorts.
34. The researcher should consider their own experiences and how they would affect how they perceive the experiences of those who they are are studying. This helps them to realise their own biases and experiences and how that compares to others who may have different morals. This is important in creating an account that sees through the eyes of the studied as honestly as possible.
35. They need to give the readers insights into their own possible influence on the study due to their own experiences.
36. Personal beliefs relating to the topic, personal interests in the area, personal experiences linked with the topic and personal expertise in relation to the topic. They should also consider their own social background, age, sex, ethnicity, education and qualifications and work experience and skills.
37. It is good because it is observing things in their natural state and therefore, how they are when they are being as normal and natural as if no body was watching. This helps gain a more truthful understanding of a person or a culture.
38. It is good because it preserves the naturalness of the setting and it sidesteps any authorization issues that may have been had. However, it is bad because it means the researcher doesn't have informed consent from those they are studying.
39. There are no ethical problems, however the researchers would need to be granted permission by their subjects and may loose a degree of naturalism to their studies.
40. They are the people who grant permission and help the researcher identify who they can talk to. Essentially, they are the ones the researcher approaches to gain access.
2. The researcher has to spend time in the field around the people ho they are studying, rather than just observing them from afar.
Routine and normal aspects of everyday life should be considered as research data.
The researcher should try to learn how the people being studied perceive their own world rather than just drawing from the researcher's own observations.
There is an emphasis on interlinkages between various features of the culture rather than just isolating facets from the wider context that it exists in.
It is understood that the researcher conclusion isn't a direct reproduction of what they observed, but rather a construction, meaning their own experience within that research is recognised in their conclusions.
3. It tends to emphasise contrasts between different groups and their views and lifestyles. It aims to 'grasp the native's point of view' and therefore it shows the differences and similarities between different cultures, while it also tries to help people who aren't from that group to emphasise with others who they might know little about.
4. It aims to make comparisons between different cultures, illuminating aspects as well as to explain other cultures.
5. It doesn't restrict itself to tribes in different lands, rather, most ethnography is focused on lifestyles, understandings and beliefs within our own society.
6. The mundane everyday life.
7. Small groups that were minorities or 'deviant' groups; such as hobos, alcoholics, drug users, religious sects and street gangs.
8. They were interesting and exotic.
9. At first ethnography was a way for people who had an interest in obscure groups and their obscure ways to look into their way of life, such as in Margaret Mead's book. Therefore he is making the point that, at first, ethnography was mainly studying and focused on groups that were not the 'norm' to western society, for the pleasure of those in the western society.
10. Deviant groups; hobos, alcoholics, drug users, religious sects and street gangs.
11. There remains an interest in the exotic and special this is because people tend to be more interested in seeing things that differ from their own lives. They want to compare and differentiate between their lives and that of the groups being researched.
12. In recent times it has become more mainstream, now there are studies being done in classrooms and focusing on things like 'life on the building site'.
13. The internet.
14. Virtual ethnography or netnography.
15. The in-depth studies of communities, individuals or social groups.
16. To portray the lives of specific people, mapping how their experiences change over time, then linking this to the cultural, social or historical context in which they occur.
17. It began in the 1920's to 1940's by conducting studies of individuals, groups and communities. More recently it has been associated with the feminist research and study of individuals relating to occupations and health.
18. It can focus on a persons life beginning to end, but also just the substantial parts or chosen parts of someones life.
19. It provides a 'thick' or incredibly detailed description of the life of the person. It also considers the individual's understanding of things as crucial to the life history.
20. They treat the core of the research as an attempt to provide an insiders view of life in relation to a particular culture or a particular time in history.
21. Their question could be "How does someone living at that time in that culture really understand things?" and their aim would be to produce an account that enables people to see through the eyes of the individual's studied.
22. Their main aim would be to reveal new things about the cultural, social or historical circumstances of the time in order to gain further understanding.
23. They are more inclined to treat the life history as something to be interpreted in terms of the wider social structure. The problem with this is that the person's life tends to be recounted in the way it is seen and their is sometimes a need to bring in alternative sources which might challenge the person's view of their own life.
24. I think that if you wanted your study to be unbiased, then you should include other people's views on the person for their life history. However, if you just want an in depth account of a person's life purely through their own perspective - true to how ethnography attempts to be - then you don't need anyone else's opinions.
25. In depth interviews as well as public archive material, private archive material, diaries, letters and other forms of documentary data.
26. Secondary source material would be public archive material, private archive material, diaries, letters and other forms of documentary data.
27. It takes a long period of time to form and cannot be completed quickly.
28. Selective sampling is finding the right person who knows enough to be a "treasure trove' of relevant information. This is important because the researchers have to go through a large group of people in order to find the ones that are right for the study in their mind as they are the ones that can make the most compelling story.
29. The depth and detail of the description, the accuracy of what it portrays and the insights it offers to readers about the situation being studied.
30. It is a study that is a 'stand alone' kind of study in the sense that it presents a detailed picture of events or cultures without the need to worry about what the broader implications of that may be.
31. Idiographic research is flawed in that it offers no further insight to how those studied affect the wider community. Nomothetic research is more based around the idea that there is much more to those studied than just a collection of data and it is more important to see how the study is relevant to the wider society.
32. It affects their perception of the culture or events that they wish to describe.
33. I agree because although they aim to show those studied in the most honest way possible, they would be shaped by their own experiences and culture themselves, so they would inevitably put that into some of their work too, making it a sort of interpretation of sorts.
34. The researcher should consider their own experiences and how they would affect how they perceive the experiences of those who they are are studying. This helps them to realise their own biases and experiences and how that compares to others who may have different morals. This is important in creating an account that sees through the eyes of the studied as honestly as possible.
35. They need to give the readers insights into their own possible influence on the study due to their own experiences.
36. Personal beliefs relating to the topic, personal interests in the area, personal experiences linked with the topic and personal expertise in relation to the topic. They should also consider their own social background, age, sex, ethnicity, education and qualifications and work experience and skills.
37. It is good because it is observing things in their natural state and therefore, how they are when they are being as normal and natural as if no body was watching. This helps gain a more truthful understanding of a person or a culture.
38. It is good because it preserves the naturalness of the setting and it sidesteps any authorization issues that may have been had. However, it is bad because it means the researcher doesn't have informed consent from those they are studying.
39. There are no ethical problems, however the researchers would need to be granted permission by their subjects and may loose a degree of naturalism to their studies.
40. They are the people who grant permission and help the researcher identify who they can talk to. Essentially, they are the ones the researcher approaches to gain access.
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